The viruses used in this article from BrainVTA are in the table below

Among key survival circuits, defensive response circuits are one of the most intensively studied. A consensus is emerging that multiple, independent circuitries are involved in different conditioned and unconditioned defensive responses. Investigating these well-conserved defensive responses would help us to decipher the basic working mechanism of the brain at a circuitry level and thus shed light on new diagnoses and treatments for neural diseases and disorders. We showed that the visually evoked innate defensive response was modulated by a locus coeruleus-superior colliculus (LC-SC) projection. Our work demonstrates that as conserved and instinctive as the survival circuits are, they are flexible and subject to fine-tuned modulation by experience or internal states of the animals. Here, we provide more data to further discuss the possible downstream mechanisms of the LC-SC pathway for this important modulation of the defensive response, the wide range of flight latency between individual flight responses, and the interpretations of our data with additional statistical analysis.

Figure 1. Innervation of LP-projecting and PBGN-projecting SC neurons by terminals from TH+ LC neurons.

In this study, the authors show the possible anatomical downstream projections for the LC-SC, which likely functions through the SC-LP and SC-PBGN pathways to modulate defensive responses.
 
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