A retrograde viral vector, pseudorabies viral GFP (RV), was used to trace projections from outside structures that reached the OB and to determine the structural basis upon which hm-α-syn was transferred between cells. (From BrainVTA)

RV	R01002 RV-EnvA-ΔG-dsRed
CRE or FLP Recombinase	AAV9-EF1a-floxed-EGFP
Tracing Helper	PT-0062 AAV9-EF1a-Dio-GFP-TVA  PT-0023 AAV9-EF1a-Dio-RV-G
Control	PT-0142 AAV 2/1 -CMV -GFP

Haichen Niu, Lingyu Shen, Tongzhou Li, Chao Ren, Sheng Ding, Lei Wang, Zhonghai Zhang, Xiaoyu Liu, Qiang Zhang, Deqin Geng, Xiujuan Wu and Haiying Li
Pub Date: 2018-09-28,  DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0128-6, Email: sales@brainvta.com
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by intraneuronal Lewy Body (LB) aggregates composed of misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn). The spread of misfolded α-syn follows a typical pattern: starting in the olfactory bulb (OB) and the gut, this pathology is followed by the progressive invasion of misfolded α-syn to the posterior part of the brain. It is unknown whether the administration of human mutant alpha-synuclein (hm-α-syn, a human mutation which occurs in familial PD) into the OB of rats would trigger similar α-syn propagation and subsequently cause pathological changes in broader brain fields associated to PD and establish an animal model of prodromal PD.
Methods: hm-α-syn was overexpressed in the OB of rats with an AAV injection. Then motor and non-motor symptoms of the SD rats were tested in different behavioral tasks following the AAV injection. In follow-up studies, pathological mechanisms of α-syn spread were explored at the histological, biochemical and micro-structure levels.
Results: The experimental results indicated that hm-α-syn was overexpressed in the OB 3 weeks after the AAV injection. 1) overexpression of the Hm-α-syn in the OB by the AAV injection could transfer to wider adjacent fields beyond the monosynaptic scope. 2) The number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells body and fibers was decreased in the substantia nigra (SN) 12 weeks after AAV injection. This was consistent with decreased levels of the DA neurotransmitter. Importantly, behavioral dysfunctions were found that included olfactory impairment after 3 weeks, motor ability impairment and decreased muscular coordination on a rotarod 6 weeks after the AAV injection.3) The morphological level studies found that the Golgi staining revealed the number of neuronal branches and synapses in the OB, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (Hip) and striatum caudate putamen (CPU) were decreased. 4) phosphorylated α-syn, at Ser-129 (pSer129), was found to be increased in hm-α-syn injected animals in comparison to controls that overexpressed GFP alone, which was also found in the most of LB stained by the thioflavine S (ThS) in the SN field. 5) A marker of autophagy (LC3B) was increased in serval fields, which was colacolizated with a marker of apoptosis in the SN field.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that expression of exogenous mutant α-syn in the OB induces pathological changes in the sensitive brain fields by transferring pathogenic α-syn to adjacent fields. This method may be useful for establishing an animal model of prodromal PD. In this study, we explored whether the expression of double mutant α-syn in the OB induced the following four aspects of PD: 1) pathology outside of the OB; 2) a close association between α-syn aggregation distribution and synaptic connectivity with the OB; 3) the aggregation of α-syn in regions without mutant α-syn expression; and 4) pathological changes in dopaminergic neurons. The results confirm that injections of AAV-hm-α-syn into the rat OB induced a novel model of prodromal PD that can be used to test new compounds designed to prevent or slow PD development.
 
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