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The paraventricular thalamus is a critical thalamic area for
AAV- hM3D was used for the chemogenetic experiment of activation of Hcrt neurons with simultaneous inhibition of the PVT. AAV- Cre was used for chemogenetic inhibition of NAc- or mPFC-projecting PVT neurons. RV was used for retrograde monosynaptic tracing of input neurons to PVT glutamatergic neurons. (All viruses were packaged by BrainVTA)
The viruses used in this article from BrainVTA are in the table below
Chemogenetics  PT-0042 AAV-EF1α-DIO-hM3DmCherry
CRE Recombinase  PT-0136 AAVretro-Syn-Cre
RV  R01002 RV-ENVA-ΔG-dsRed
Tracing Helper  PT-0023 AAV-EF1α-DIO-RVG
 PT-0165 AAV-EF1α-DIO-TVA-EGFP
Shuancheng Ren, Yaling Wang, Faguo Yue, Xiaofang Cheng, Ruozhi Dang, Qicheng Qiao, Xueqi Sun, Xin Li, Qian Jiang, Jiwei Yao, Han Qin, Guanzhong Wang, Xiang Liao, Dong Gao, Jianxia Xia, Jun Zhang, BoHu, Junan Yan, Yanjiang Wang, Min Xu, Yunyun Han, Xiangdong Tang, Xiaowei Chen, Chao He, Zhian Hu
Pub Date: 2018-10-26,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2512  Email: [email protected]
Clinical observations indicate that the paramedian region of the thalamus is a critical node for controlling wakefulness. However, the specific nucleus and neural circuitry for this function remain unknown. Using in vivo fiber photometry or multichannel electrophysiological recordings in mice, we found that glutamatergic neurons of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) exhibited high activities during wakefulness. Suppression of PVT neuronal activity caused a reduction in wakefulness, whereas activation of PVT neurons induced a transition from sleep to wakefulness and an acceleration of emergence from general anesthesia. Moreover, our findings indicate that the PVT–nucleus accumbens projections and hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to PVT glutamatergic neurons’ projections are the effector pathways for wakefulness control. These results demonstrate that the PVT is a key wakefulness-controlling nucleus in the thalamus.
Figure. 1 The wakefulness-controlling function of the PVT is regulated by Hcrt neurons.
To reveal the specific nucleus and neural circuitry for wakefulness, using in vivo fiber photometry or multichannel electrophysiological recordings in mice, the authors found that glutamatergic neurons of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) exhibited high activities during wakefulness. Moreover, the findings indicate that the PVT–nucleus accumbens projections and hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to PVT glutamatergic neurons’ projections are the effector pathways for wakefulness control. These results demonstrate that the PVT is a key wakefulness-controlling nucleus in the thalamus.
 
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